PMC

a Schematic of the pLFA showing the location of the pressed zone; b SEM images of the NC structures pressed with different amounts of pressure. The images show that the NC strips pressed with relatively high pressure results in relatively small cavities; the volume of the c water and d diluted serum absorbed by the absorbent pad over time for the NC strips pressed with different pressure

The MIDI output of one player from Ableton provided information about the keys musicians pressed, as well as the duration of each key pressed, at a resolution of 96 Hz. Step 1 shows how a time series was generated that captured the number of each key pressed at each time point, as well as when there were no keys pressed. In Step 2 the note of each key is identified and assigned a number 1-12 such that a “C” was considered the same note regardless of which octave it was played in. Step 3 demonstrates how a code number was then generated for each unique combination of notes pressed. Time is preserved in the time series by inserting a non-repeating random number for time points where no key was pressed. The random numbers in Player 1 times series are positive, the random numbers in Player 2’s time series are negative, to assure that they don’t count as recurrent points. Then Steps 1-3 are repeated for the MIDI output of the second player, with the same set of code numbers used to identify notes and combination of notes played. The two time series are plotted against each other to identify when the musicians repeated each other’s musical states. This captures when musicians play the exact same thing at the same time (when a yellow recurrent point falls on the blue diagonal line), but more importantly when they repeat each other’s notes later in the performance (as when Player 2 repeats the note combination “700” after Player 1).

A, test condition; B, social facilitation control; C, asocial control. In the test condition, each time the subject pressed the button, food was released from the dispenser and the human ate this. In the social facilitation control, each time the subject pressed the button, food was released from the dispenser but the human could not access it. In the asocial control condition the human was not present. Each time the button was pressed in this condition, food was released but no human ate it.

Digital videokymogram of closure pattern (A) and final phonatory posture (B) for pressed phonation. Concurrent acoustic signal is overlaid (black line) with the kymogram. FPT = final phonatory posture time; PPT= phonatory posture time; and POT= phonation onset time measurements are marked with brackets. In this phonation type FPT is bracketed distal to area of complete glottal closure as there was continued glottal posturing activity beyond closure. DKG = digital videokymography line